Algal pigments: Sustainable bio-actives for enhanced food, therapeutics and cosmetics

Abstract

Algae serve as a natural resource for generating commercially valuable bioactive pigments. Algal pigments are broadly classified into three major groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins. A key characteristic of these pigments is their similar molecular structure, featuring frameworks of extended chains or closed rings with conjugated double bonds. The intricate conjugated ring systems within these pigments allow them to effectively absorb light in the visible spectrum. Furthermore, the presence of conjugated double bonds facilitates resonance, leading to shifts in energy levels that are essential for the energy conversion processes during photosynthesis. Due to the presence of double bonds in their structure, they demonstrate a wide range of health benefits while safeguarding other molecules from oxidative stress caused by active radicals through different mechanisms leading to their application as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotective activities among others. These pigments hold immense promise for diverse biotechnological applications, spanning nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food industry, biomedical research, and clinical diagnostics. However, the advancements in emerging technologies for extracting algal pigments require enhancements in their physicochemical viability, stability, and capacity to obtain these pigments from both conventional and innovative sources. This compilation brings out the biological activities of algae derived pigments and emphasizing their potential applications in various disciplines beneficial for mankind.