3.COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DUAL AND NO-CHOICE REPELLENCY BIOASSAYS OF TAGETES MINUTA ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS APPENDICULATUS CLIMBING RESPONSE BEHAVIOUR By WYCLIFFE WANZALA

Abstract

The study compared two sets of bioassays designed to evaluate repellency of Tagetes minuta essential oil
against climbing response behavior of adult, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, the vector of deadly livestock
disease, East Coast fever. The study aimed at evaluating the appropriate bioassay set up suitable for
screening repellent essential oils that may become applicable in preventive measures for managing
arthropod vectors and vector–borne diseases. All bioassays were conducted under the same laboratory
conditions. In both bioassays, repellency was dose–dependent and significant differences between doses
remained the same at P<0.0001. However, for the same doses, mean per cent repellency was lower in no–
choice bioassay (ranging from 39.30±2.53% to 69.5±3.00%) than in dual–choice bioassay (ranging from
57.92±7.11% to 100.00%). This difference was significant (P = 0.047) but its underlying mechanism
however, remained unknown. In contrast to my initial predictions, using a no-choice tick climbing assay
did not increase perceptions of treatment accuracy or a sense of self-efficacy; instead, the assay appeared
costly and the repellent effect was comparatively lower. Probit analysis showed that to achieve the same
repellent effect, a higher repellent dose is required in no–choice bioassay than in a dual–choice bioassay,
hence the former proving unsuitable for screening purposes. Although the dual-choice assay appears to be
an ideal method for testing tick repellent products, it requires that during statistical analysis of data
generated by the repellency equation, a statistical model that includes all the existing variations and factors
that are currently not considered in order that absolute repellency is estimated. These choice bioassays however, provide baseline data against which novel tick repellents/attractants may be evaluated for
development into agents suitable for providing prophylactic measures in integrated pest management.
Nevertheless, the dual-choice assay proved a more sensitive assay than the no-choice assay.
KEY WORD: Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, livestock ticks, repellency, Tagetes minuta essential oil,
dual–and no–choice bioassays, integrated pest management.