Avifaunal Diversity in Khijadiya Ramsar Site: A Review of Biodiversity, Habitat Characteristics, and Conservation Strategies

Abstract

Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary, located near Jamnagar, Gujarat, is a globally significant wetland ecosystem that serves as a crucial habitat for a diverse range of resident and migratory bird species. Recognized as a Ramsar Site in 2022, the sanctuary is distinguished by its unique combination of freshwater and brackish water habitats, which provide vital nesting, breeding, and foraging grounds for over 250 bird species. Notable species include the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus), and Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo). Situated along the Central Asian Flyway, Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary serves as a critical stopover site for migratory birds traveling between Siberia, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Despite its ecological significance, the sanctuary faces several anthropogenic and environmental threats, including habitat degradation, pollution, climate change, and increasing human activities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of avifaunal diversity at Khijadiya, highlighting the ecological importance, habitat composition, conservation challenges, and management strategies needed for its long-term sustainability. The findings underscore the urgent need for scientific research, community-based conservation efforts, and policy interventions to protect this wetland ecosystem and ensure the survival of its rich avian biodiversity.